In today’s fast-paced fashion world, style and affordability often take center stage, overshadowing a more hidden, yet critical concern: toxic chemicals in our clothing. Have we really reached the point where we need to question the safety of the materials we wear? Unfortunately, the answer is yes.
You’ve probably seen images of the so-called “clothes rivers” in Bangladesh, where instead of water, you see piles of clothing, with just a few glimpses of water stained purple, blue, or red by dyes. These are very visible reminders of the environmental damage caused by the chemicals in our clothes. But the thing is that this doesn’t end there, these chemicals don’t just remain in those rivers—they will most likely find their way into our homes posing serious risks to our health.
Here’s what you need to know about the harmful substances that could be hiding in your clothing.
Key takeways
- Many clothes contain harmful chemicals such as PFAS, BPA, and heavy metals, which are commonly used for waterproofing, dyeing, and preserving fabrics.
- These chemicals are linked to severe health conditions, including cancers, liver dysfunction, hormonal imbalance, and neurological issues. PFAS, in particular, can accumulate in the body over time.
- Textile production processes release these chemicals into waterways, contaminating ecosystems and harming aquatic life through untreated wastewater.
- You can reduce exposure by choosing clothing brands that are certified by reputable organizations like GOTS or OEKO-TEX, washing new garments before wearing them, and advocating for better industry regulation.
The Prevalence of Toxic Chemicals in Clothing
The fashion industry (and by this we mean fast fashion and luxury brands) has a reputation for its use of chemical-intensive processes. These chemicals are often used to enhance the durability, appearance, and functionality of fabrics, such as making them softer or resistant to stains, wrinkles, or moister. But this comes at a significant cost. Reports have identified a wide range of toxic substances, including PFAS (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances), BPA (Bisphenol A), and heavy metals, in clothing sold worldwide. Yes, clothes from huge retailers that you have probably purchased from!
There have been some recent cases of major brands having to recall garments because they contain dangerous levels of chemicals. Take for example River Island, who in 2018 had to recall several pieces due to unsafe levels of lead and cadmium; or Primark who had to recall a pair of kitten heels for excessive chromium in 2020. And more recently scientists found that a SHEIN jacket for toddlers contained almost 20 times the amount of lead that Health Canada says is safe for children.
But surely brands are working on fixing this, right? Well, not quite… only half of the 250 largest fashion brands in the world publish a restricted substance list, the very first (and easiest) step toward managing the use of toxic substances in a brand’s supply chain.
PFAS: The “Forever Chemicals”
While the term “forever chemicals” might sound a bit dramatic, there’s a very real (and alarming) reason why PFAS have earned this nickname. PFAS are one of the most concerning groups of chemicals found in clothing, as they are widely used for their water-resistant and stain-repellent properties. These chemicals are often found in outdoor gear, sportswear, and even some everyday clothing items. What makes PFAS particularly dangerous is their persistence in the environment—they do not break down naturally, making them “forever chemicals.”
PFAS have been linked to serious health issues, including cancer, liver damage, immune system suppression, and endocrine disruption. The omnipresence of PFAS in clothing means that consumers are continually exposed to these harmful chemicals, whether through direct skin contact or through inhalation of dust particles that shed from the fabric.
BPA and its Everyday Risks
BPA is another chemical of concern in the clothing industry. While commonly associated with plastics, BPA is also used in certain textile finishes to enhance durability. BPA exposure can lead to reproductive health issues, developmental problems in children, and increased risk of certain cancers.
The Center for Environmental Health in California has found high levels of the hormone-disrupting chemical BPA in polyester-spandex socks and sports bras by dozens of large brands, including Nike, Athleta, Hanes, Champion, New Balance, and Fruit of the Loom, at up to 19 times California’s safety limit.
Heavy Metals: Dangerous Dyeing Processes
They say in nature you should always steer clear of brightly colored animals; apparently, the same rule applies to fashion. The vibrant colors that make fashion so appealing often come at a great cost: toxic dyes.
Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and chromium are commonly used in textile dyes to achieve bright and durable colors. These metals can be absorbed through the skin and have been linked to a range of health issues, including neurological damage, kidney failure, and respiratory problems.
Although Europe has stronger regulations than the United Stated when it comes to toxic consumer products, many toxic products still slip through. For example, 22 azo dyes (a type of synthetic dye) are banned in the European Union, but were found in half of the 150 textile samples researchers tested.
The Environmental Impact of Toxic Textiles
The fashion industry’s reliance on these substances has a devastating impact on the environment. Textile production is one of the most polluting industries in the world, largely due to the use of hazardous chemicals.
Factories that produce fashion garments often discharge untreated, chemical-laden wastewater into rivers and oceans. This wastewater contains a deadly cocktail of toxic substances which can contaminate water supplies and harm aquatic life. The persistent nature of many of these chemicals means they accumulate in the environment, leading to long-term ecological damage.
What Can We Do?
As awareness of toxic chemicals in clothing increases, you may be looking for safer alternatives. While there’s no silver bullet for the fast fashion industry, there are steps you can take to minimize your exposure to these harmful substances:
- Look for Certifications: Look for clothing brands that are certified by reputable organizations like GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard) or OEKO-TEX. These certifications ensure that the garments are made with minimal use of harmful chemicals and adhere to strict environmental and social standards.
- Wash New Clothes Before Wearing: Washing new garments before wearing them can help remove some of the surface chemicals used during production. Although this won’t eliminate all toxins, it can reduce your initial exposure.
- Support Sustainable Fashion: Invest in higher-quality, sustainable pieces that are designed to last. By choosing durable clothing over fast fashion, you can reduce the demand for chemical-laden, low-cost garments and support brands that prioritize safety and sustainability.
- Stay Informed: Reading this post was a great step! Keep educating yourself about the brands you buy from and the materials they use. Transparency is key in making safer choices. Many sustainable fashion brands provide detailed information about their production processes and the chemicals they avoid.
- Avoid Synthetic Fabrics When Possible: Synthetic fabrics like polyester, nylon, and acrylic are often treated with more chemicals than natural fibers. Opt for natural fabrics such as organic cotton, wool, or linen, which are less likely to contain harmful chemicals.
- Advocate for Stricter Regulations: Support initiatives and policies that aim to regulate the use of toxic chemicals in the fashion industry. Remember that we have the power! Consumer demand for safer products can drive industry-wide changes and encourage brands to adopt safer practices.
Final thoughts
Our modern obsession with “short-lived enjoyment” has led to a much higher price tag on our clothes, starting with the cost to our health and the environment. So, the real question is: is that trendy tank top really worth it? We seriously doubt it…
The hidden dangers lurking in our wardrobes are a growing concern that can no longer be ignored. As consumers, we have the power to shape the fashion industry by making informed choices and supporting brands that prioritize safety and sustainability. Next time you shop for clothing, think beyond just style and price. Consider what it’s made of and how it might impact both you and the world around you.
Have you ever thought about what chemicals might be in the clothes you’re wearing right now? Would you consider paying a little more for sustainable fashion if it meant reducing the health risks and environmental damage caused by toxic chemicals? Let us know in the comments below!
